International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Medicinal Plants

Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities Of Phyllanthus Niruri Leaf Extracts

Munfarid — 2026-06-30

Background: Phyllanthus niruri is a well-known medicinal plant in traditional medicine systems. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacognostic, phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of P. niruri leaf extracts.

Methods: Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract and its fractions (chloroform, acetone soluble, acetone insoluble) was tested against five bacterial strains using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays.

Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and saponins. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 7.12 mg GAE/100mg and 16.7 mg QE/g, respectively. TLC showed major spots at Rf 0.71 and 0.77. The ethanol extract exhibited good antioxidant activity (IC50 = 8.05 ± 0.2 µg/mL). The chloroform soluble fraction (CSF) demonstrated the strongest antibacterial activity, with maximum zones of inhibition against E. coli (28.65 mm) and S. aureus (23.52 mm). The lowest MIC values were observed for CSF against E. coli (204.6 µg/mL).

Conclusion: P. niruri leaf ethanol extract is a rich source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds with significant antioxidant and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity.

Development and Characterization of Guava Peel Extract Based Nanoparticles

Naveen Garg — 2026-06-30

The main objective of the present work was to prepare Guava peel extract based nano particles by chemical complexation method. Ethanolic extracts of Guava peel were prepared by using Soxhlet apparatus and evaluated for phyto-chemical constituents. Qualitative analysis showed that Guava peel extract showed positive results for alkaloids, tannin and saponins. The percentage moisture content and pH of the extract was found to be 72% and 3.6 respectively. A zeta potential and particle size of prepared nanoparticles was found in the range of -24.6 mV to -35.0 mV and 118.6 nm to 231.7 nm, respectively. These range confirms that obtained particles were in nano range, i.e. <500 nm size. SEM results indicated the formation of nanoparticles and were relatively spherical in shape. Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis confirms the presence of AgNPs. Further the study will be extended for anti-microbial and wound healing activities.

Hypertension: A Review of Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Jan Mohammad — 2026-06-30

Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death Worldwide. Owing to the wide spread use of an anti-hypertension medication, global means blood pressure. The Hypertension has increased especially in low and middle income countries (LMIC) Variations in levels of risk factors for hypertension such as high sodium intake, low potassium intake, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet ,may act as some of the regional cause of hypertension. Understanding the epidemiology of hypertension will significantly reduce the burden of associated illness and mortality. Initiatives such as the National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP) have significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension in the United States by raising knowledge of the condition from 51% between 1976 and 1980 to 70% between 1999 and 2000. Age-adjusted stroke mortality rates have decreased by almost 60% since 1972, while coronary heart disease death rates have decreased by roughly 50%. It is anticipated that the WHO's recent efforts to combat non-communicable diseases would reduce the number of high blood pressure-related illnesses and fatalities worldwide.

Understanding Chemotherapy: A Comprehensive Review

Kaisar Ahmad Bhat — 2026-06-30

Chemotherapy represents one of the most significant advancements in modern oncology, serving as a cornerstone in the treatment and management of cancer. It involves the use of potent chemical agents designed to destroy or inhibit the growth of malignant cells that exhibit uncontrolled proliferation. This comprehensive review examines chemotherapy from a multidimensional perspective, including its biological basis, historical evolution, pharmacological principles, and mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and associated toxicities. While chemotherapy has dramatically improved survival rates and transformed cancer from a fatal disease into a manageable condition in many cases, it is also associated with a wide range of adverse effects due to its impact on normal rapidly dividing cells. The review further explores recent innovations such as targeted therapy, personalized medicine, and nanotechnology, which aim to enhance treatment efficacy while minimizing toxicity. By providing an in-depth understanding of chemotherapy, this article highlights its critical role in cancer care and emphasizes the importance of continued research and patient-centered approaches in oncology.