Phytochemical Screening and Quantitative Estimation of Phytoconstituents of Some Bioactive Ethanolic Extracts

Abstract

The present study investigates the phytochemical and quantitative composition of bioactive ethanolic extracts from five medicinal plants traditionally used in gastrointestinal disorders: Plumbago zeylanica (roots), Moringa oleifera (leaves), Cassia tora (leaves), Amaranthus tricolor (leaves), and Elephantopus scaber (whole plant). The primary aim was to evaluate and compare the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), tannin concentration, and saponin content to identify the most potent extract(s) with antioxidant and therapeutic relevance. All plant materials were subjected to ethanol extraction using a maceration technique followed by qualitative phytochemical screening to detect major secondary metabolites including alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. Quantitative estimations were carried out using standard spectrophotometric protocols. Among the evaluated samples, E. scaber exhibited the highest TPC (115.89 ± 2.84 mg GAE/g) and TFC (89.44 ± 2.01 mg QE/g), suggesting it as a rich source of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds. Tannin content was also highest in E. scaber (47.91 ± 1.65 mg TAE/g), while saponin content peaked at 3.47 ± 0.14%. These phytoconstituents are known for their cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which likely contribute to the antiulcer potential observed in subsequent in vivo studies. The findings of this investigation not only validate traditional claims but also provide a scientific rationale for further pharmacological and formulation development. In conclusion, the ethanolic extracts especially that of Elephantopus scaber exhibit significant phytochemical richness and hold promise for future development as herbal antiulcer agents or antioxidant supplements.