Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61280/774vgk83Keywords:
Polymeric nanoparticles, Drug delivery, Stimuli-responsive, Theranostics, 3D Printing, AI Optimization, Green synthesis, Precision medicineAbstract
Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) have emerged as a revolutionary platform in drug delivery, offering precise control over therapeutic release, enhanced targeting, and improved pharmacokinetics. This review comprehensively examines recent advancements in PNP design, focusing on smart stimuli-responsive systems that enable on-demand drug release in response to pH, redox potential, or external triggers like light and ultrasound .Green synthesis approaches using biodegradable, eco-friendly polymers and solvent-free techniques are addressing sustainability challenges in nanomedicine .We highlight breakthroughs in theranostic nanoparticles, which combine therapy and diagnostics through integrated imaging agents, facilitating real-time treatment monitoring. Innovations in 3D printing and AI-driven optimization are transforming PNP fabrication, allowing for personalized medicine through predictive modeling of drug-polymer interactions and release kinetics. .Despite these advancements, critical hurdles remain in scalability, long-term biocompatibility, and regulatory approval, limiting widespread clinical adoption. Future research must focus on enhancing tumor penetration, optimizing stealth coatings to evade immune clearance, and developing biohybrid systems such as cell-mimicking nanoparticles. The integration of machine learning and autonomous feedback mechanisms promises to user in a new era of precision drug delivery, while multi-drug-loaded PNPs could revolutionize combination therapies for cancer and infectious diseases. As the field progresses toward clinically viable solutions, polymeric nanoparticles stand at the forefront of next-generation nanomedicine, poised to overcome existing limitations and unlock transformative therapeutic potential.
Downloads
References
1. 1.. Banik, B. L., Fattahi, P., & Brown, J. L.(2016). Polymeric nanoparticles: The future of nanomedicine .Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 8(2), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1002/WNAN.1364
2. Beach, M. A., Nayanathara , U., Gao, Y., Zhang, C., Xiong , Y., Wang, Y., & Such, G. K.(2024). Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. Chemical Reviews, 124(9), 5505–5616. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.CHEMREV.3C00705
3. Begines, B., Ortiz, T., Pérez-Aranda, M., Martínez , G., Merinero, M., Argüelles-Arias, F., & Alcudia, A.(2020). Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Recent Developments and Future Prospects. Nanomaterials, 10(7), 1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/NANO10071403
4. Bhatia, S.(2016). Nanoparticles Types, Classification, Characterization, Fabrication Methods and Drug Delivery Applications .Natural Polymer Drug Delivery Systems, 33–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41129-3_2
5. Bohrey, S., Chourasiya, V., & Pandey, A.(2016). Polymeric nanoparticles containing diazepam: Preparation, optimization, characterization, in-vitro drug release and release kinetic study. Nano Convergence, 3(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40580-016-0061-2
6. Bookwala, M., & Wildfong, P. L. D.(2023). The Implications of Drug-Polymer Interactions on the Physical Stability of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutical Research, 40(12), 2963–2981. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11095-023-03547-4
7. Castro, K. C. de, Costa, J. M., & Campos, M. G. N.(2022). Drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles: a review .International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials, 71(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2020.1798436
8. Cheow, W. S., & Hadino, K. (2011). Factors affecting drug encapsulation and stability of lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 85(2), 214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLSURFB.2011.02.033
9. Choi, S. W., Kim, W. S., & Kim, J. H.(2003). Surface modification of functional nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 24(3–4), 475–487. https://doi.org/10.1081/DIS-120021803
10. Cohen, H., Levy, R. J., Gao, J., Fishbein , I., Kousaev, V., Sosnowski, S., Slomkowski, S., & Golomb, G.(2000). Sustained delivery and expression of DNA encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles. Gene Therapy, 7(22), 1896–1905. https://doi.org/10.1038/SJ.GT.3301318
11. Couvreur, P. (2013). Nanoparticles in drug delivery: Past, present and future. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 65(1), 21–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADDR.2012.04.010
12. 12.Crucho, C. I. C., & Barros, M. T. (2017). Polymeric nanoparticles: A study on the preparation variables and characterization methods. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 80, 771–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSEC.2017.06.004
13. De Jong, W. H., & Borm , P. J. A. (2008). Drug delivery and nanoparticles: Applications and hazards.International Journal of Nanomedicine,3(2),133–149. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S596
14. G. Nava-Arzaluz, M., Pinon-Segundo, E., Ganem-Rondero, A., & Lechuga-Ballesteros, D.(2012). Single Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Technique and Modifications for the Preparation of Pharmaceutical Polymeric Nanoparticles. Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation, 6(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.2174/187221112802652633
15. Jain, K., Mehra, N. K., & Jain, N. K.(2014). Potentials and emerging trends in nanopharmacology. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 15(1), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPH.2014.01.006
16. Jawahar, N., & Meyyanathan, S. (2012). Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences, 1(4), 217.https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=22784292&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA324113001
17. Kamaly, N., Yameen, B., Wu, J., & Farokhzad, O. C. (2016). Degradable controlled-release polymers and polymeric nanoparticles: Mechanisms of controlling drug release. Chemical Reviews, 116(4), 2602–2663. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.CHEMREV.5B00346
18. Khan, W. S., Asmatulu, E., & Asmatulu, R. (2025). Nanotechnology emerging trends, markets and concerns. Nanotechnology Safety, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15904-6.00017-4
19. Khizar, S., Zine, N., Errachid, A., Jaffrezic-Renault, N., & Elaissari, A.(2022). Microfluidic-based nanoparticle synthesis and their potential applications. ELECTROPHORESIS, 43(7–8), 819–838. https://doi.org/10.1002/ELPS.202100242
20. Kumari, A., Yadav, S. K., & Yadav, S. C.(2010). Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 75(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLSURFB.2009.09.001
21. Li, W., Chen, Q., Baby, T., Jin , S., Liu, Y., Yang, G., & Zhao, C. X.(2021). Insight into drug encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles using microfluidic nanoprecipitation. Chemical Engineering Science, 235, 116468. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CES.2021.116468
22. Liu, C., Hong, C. Y., & Pan, C. Y. (2020). Polymerization techniques in polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA).Polymer Chemistry, 11(22), 3673–3689. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0PY00455C
23. Liu, J., Xiao, Y., & Allen, C. (2004). Polymer–drug compatibility: A guide to the development of delivery systems for the anticancer agent, ellipticine. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 93(1), 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.10533
24. Mauri, E., Papa, S., Masi, M., Veglianese, P., & Rossi, F. (2017). Novel functionalization strategies to improve drug delivery from polymers. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 14(11), 1305–1313. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2017.1285280
25. Patil, Y. B., Toti, U. S., Khdair, A., Ma, L., & Panyam, J.(2009). Single-step surface functionalization of polymeric nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Biomaterials, 30(5), 859–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS.2008.09.056
26. Pinto Reis, C., Neufeld, R. J., Ribeiro, A. J., & Veiga, F. (2006). Nanoencapsulation I. Methods for preparation of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles.Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology,Biology and Medicine, 2(1), 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NANO.2005.12.003
27. Rane, A. V., Kanny, K., Abitha, V. K., & Thomas, S. (2018). Methods for Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Fabrication of Nanocomposites. Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials: Advances and Key Technologies, 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101975-7.00005-1
28. Sánchez, A., Mejía, S. P., & Orozco, J.(2020). Recent Advances in Polymeric Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Drugs against Intracellular Infections. Molecules, 25(16), 3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES25163760
29. Sheth, P., Sandhu, H., Singhal, D., Malick, W., Shah, N., & Serpil Kislalioglu, M.(2012). Nanoparticles in the Pharmaceutical Industry and the Use of Supercritical Fluid Technologies for Nanoparticle Production.Current Drug Delivery, 9(3), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720112800389052
30. Shinde, A. J., & More, H. N. (n.d.). Formulation, development and characterization of Simvastatin nanoparticles by solvent displacement method. Retrieved from www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com
31. Vauthier, C., & Bouchemal, K.(2009). Methods for the Preparation and Manufacture of Polymeric Nanoparticles.Pharmaceutical Research, 26(5), 1025–1058. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11095-008-9800-3
32. Vijaykumar, O., Felix Joe, V., & Vishwanath, B. A.(2014). Formulation and evaluation of rivastigmine loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6(10), 556–565.
33. Vora, L. K., Gholap, A. D., Jetha, K., Thakur, R. R. S., Solanki, H. K., & Chavda, V. P.(2023). Artificial Intelligence in Pharmaceutical Technology and Drug Delivery Design. Pharmaceutics, 15(7), 1916. https://doi.org/10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS15071916
34. Wang, X., Hall, J. E., Warren, S., Krom, R., Magistrelli, J. M., Rackaitis, M., & Bohm, G. G. A. (2007). Synthesis, characterization, and application of novel polymeric nanoparticles. Macromolecules, 40(3), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1021/MA0613739
35. Wu, S., Helal-Neto, E., Matos, A. P. dos S., Jafari, A., Kozempel, J., Silva, Y. J. de A., Serrano-Larrea, C., Alves Junior, S., Ricci-Junior, E., Alexis, F., & Santos-Oliveira, R.(2020). Radioactive polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical application. Drug Delivery, 27(1), 1544–1561. https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2020.1837296
36. Zur Mühlen, A., Schwarz, C., & Mehnert, W.(1998). Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery – Drug release and release mechanism. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 45(2), 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(97)00150-1
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Kaviya Priya K, Subashini R, Kamali M.L., Sri Priya E, Naresh Kannan S

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
