Phytochemical Nanocarriers: Translating Traditional Botanical Therapeutics into Modern Nanomedicine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61280/5000mf06Keywords:
Phytochemicals, Nanomedicine, Herbal medicine, Nanocarriers, Phytosomes, Bioavailability, Targeted delivery, Quality by designAbstract
Natural products are a rich source of drug-like phytochemicals; however, the clinical success of promising candidates has been hampered by issues such as insolubility, instability, rapid metabolism, limited tissue distribution, and variation. Systems designed for drug delivery can tackle such problems by improving dispersion, protecting labile phytochemicals from degradation, customizing release kinetics, and changing membrane interactions. We review lipid carriers, liposomes, phytosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, micelles, nanocrystals, proteinaceous nanoparticles, and some hybrid systems for the delivery of phytopharmaceuticals. The original article searches PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus-indexed articles, and Google Scholar. None of the search archives were exported for verification; thus, there is no documented date for the last search undertaken, no deduplication report, no documentation of screening by an independent reviewer, and the PRISMA diagram numbers cannot be verified. The unverified number of studies is not presented as systematic-review results in this updated article for these reasons. This review covers the most studied phytochemicals of curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, berberine, epigallocatechin gallate, and silymarin, as the limitations to their delivery have been most clearly defined here. Many formulation studies show improved properties such as perceived solubility, stability, release, or pharmacokinetic parameters; however, these results depend heavily on formulation, dose, route, model, and comparison. Better delivery does not automatically demonstrate clinical effectiveness. There is insufficient pharmacokinetic profile data, incomplete quality attributes, scale-up issues or challenges, carrier toxicity, and fewer well-controlled clinical studies. Our product-by-product solution encompasses botanical verification, chemical fingerprinting, quality-by-design formulation, orthogonal characterization, case-specific safety evaluation, and controlled clinical testing when appropriate. Nanocarriers play a prominent role in the development of botanical medicines; however, they are NOT considered a basis for efficacy claims in and of themselves. Thus, the conclusions that may be drawn from the assessment of a drug delivery system should be commensurate with the level of quality and maturity of the data available.
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